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OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model Layer Protocols Internet Protocol (IP) User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Well-Known Port Numbers OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model is a conceptual framework that standardizes the functions of a telecommunication or computing system … Continue reading →

USB 2.0 Interface USB 2.0 interface serves as a high-performance gateway that allows a microcontroller to communicate with external peripherals or a host PC using a standardized, hot-swappable connection. To move data from the digital logic of the processor to … Continue reading →

Local Interconnect Network (LIN) Local Interconnect Network (LIN) is a low-cost, low-speed serial communication bus mainly used in automotive systems to connect simple devices that do not require the performance or complexity of CAN. Back to top of the page

CAN Flexible Data-Rate (CAN-FD) CAN Flexible Data-Rate (CAN-FD) is an enhanced version of the classic Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol, designed to support higher data throughput and larger payloads while remaining compatible with existing CAN networks. Back to top of … Continue reading →

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Controller Area Network (CAN) CAN Logic Levels CAN 2.0A Standard Frame CAN 2.0B Extended Frame Reference Controller Area Network (CAN) is a robust, message-based communication protocol designed to allow electronic control units (ECUs), sensors, and microcontrollers to communicate with each … Continue reading →

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Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) SPI Mode SPI Communication Example Reference Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is a high-speed, synchronous serial communication protocol used primarily for short-distance communication between microcontrollers and peripheral devices (like sensors, SD cards, or displays). MOSI: The data … Continue reading →

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Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) I2C Write Data I2C Read Data Reference Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) is a synchronous, multi-device serial communication bus where a master controls all communication. The master initiates and completes transactions, sends an address frame to select a slave, … Continue reading →