Category: Embedded System

Embedded Communication Interfaces USB Interface USB Differential Signaling NRZI-Encoded Data USB interface serves as a high-performance gateway that allows a microcontroller to communicate with external peripherals or a host PC using a standardized, hot-swappable connection. To move data from the digital logic of the processor to the physical copper wires, the system utilizes a MAC…

Embedded Communication Interfaces Local Interconnect Network (LIN) LIN Physical Layer Local Interconnect Network (LIN) is a low-cost, low-speed serial communication bus mainly used in automotive systems to connect simple devices that do not require the performance or complexity of CAN. LIN is a broadcasting, serial, one-wire interface, typically implemented as a sub-bus of a CAN…

Embedded Communication Interfaces CAN Flexible Data-Rate (CAN-FD) CAN and CAN FD Speed CAN FD Frame Format CAN Flexible Data-Rate (CAN-FD) is an enhanced version of the classic Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol, designed to support higher data throughput and larger payloads while remaining compatible with existing CAN networks. CAN FD frames have variable data rate…

Embedded Communication Interfaces Controller Area Network (CAN) CAN Termination CAN Logic Levels CAN 2.0A Standard Frame CAN 2.0B Extended Frame Controller Area Network (CAN) is a robust, message-based communication protocol designed to allow electronic control units (ECUs), sensors, and microcontrollers to communicate with each other reliably without the need for a central host computer. Wiring:…

Embedded Communication Interfaces Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) SPI Mode SPI Communication Example Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is a high-speed, synchronous serial communication protocol used primarily for short-distance communication between microcontrollers and peripheral devices (like sensors, SD cards, or displays). MOSI: The data line for sending information from Master to Slave. MISO: The data line for…

Embedded Communication Interfaces Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) I2C Write Data I2C Read Data Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) is a synchronous, multi-device serial communication bus where a master controls all communication. The master initiates and completes transactions, sends an address frame to select a slave, and then transfers data. Communication uses two lines—SCL (clock) and SDA (data)—with data…

Embedded Communication Interfaces Serial Communication Baud Rate TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) RS-232 (Recommended Standard 232) RS-485 (Recommended Standard 485) Serial communication sends data one bit at a time in sequence, as opposed to parallel communication which sends multiple bits simultaneously on multiple wires. Simplex: One-way communication only — data flows in one direction (TX → RX)….