Embedded Communication Interfaces Local Interconnect Network (LIN) LIN Physical Layer Local Interconnect Network (LIN) is a low-cost, low-speed serial communication bus mainly used in automotive systems to connect simple devices that do not require the performance or complexity of CAN. LIN is a broadcasting, serial, one-wire interface, typically implemented as a sub-bus of a CAN…
CAN Flexible Data-Rate (CAN-FD)
Embedded Communication Interfaces CAN Flexible Data-Rate (CAN-FD) CAN and CAN FD Speed CAN FD Frame Format CAN Flexible Data-Rate (CAN-FD) is an enhanced version of the classic Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol, designed to support higher data throughput and larger payloads while remaining compatible with existing CAN networks. CAN FD frames have variable data rate…
Controller Area Network (CAN)
Embedded Communication Interfaces Controller Area Network (CAN) CAN Termination CAN Logic Levels CAN 2.0A Standard Frame CAN 2.0B Extended Frame Controller Area Network (CAN) is a robust, message-based communication protocol designed to allow electronic control units (ECUs), sensors, and microcontrollers to communicate with each other reliably without the need for a central host computer. Wiring:…
Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)
Embedded Communication Interfaces Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) SPI Mode SPI Communication Example Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is a high-speed, synchronous serial communication protocol used primarily for short-distance communication between microcontrollers and peripheral devices (like sensors, SD cards, or displays). MOSI: The data line for sending information from Master to Slave. MISO: The data line for…
Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C)
Embedded Communication Interfaces Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) I2C Write Data I2C Read Data Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) is a synchronous, multi-device serial communication bus where a master controls all communication. The master initiates and completes transactions, sends an address frame to select a slave, and then transfers data. Communication uses two lines—SCL (clock) and SDA (data)—with data…
UART / RS232 / RS485
Embedded Communication Interfaces Serial Communication Baud Rate TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) RS-232 (Recommended Standard 232) RS-485 (Recommended Standard 485) Serial communication sends data one bit at a time in sequence, as opposed to parallel communication which sends multiple bits simultaneously on multiple wires. Simplex: One-way communication only — data flows in one direction (TX → RX)….
Exploratory Review of AI Concepts and Tools
AI Concepts LLM typically refers to Large Language Model in the context of artificial intelligence and machine learning.It is a type of deep learning model trained on massive amounts of text data to understand and generate human-like language. Examples: GPT-4, Claude, Gemini, LLaMA, etc. Transformer is a deep learning architecture introduced by Vaswani et al….
Comparison of ROS1 and ROS2
ROS1 vs ROS2 Architecture ROS2 is well-suited for a variety of applications, including navigation, security, embedded systems, real-time operations, safety-critical tasks, and robotic manipulation. Data Distribution Service (DDS) for ROS2 (1) An industry-standard communication system, a networking middleware (2) Data-Centric Publish-Subscribe (DCPS) system (3) Real-time machine-to-machine (middleware communication) (4) Uses Real-Time Publish-Subscribe (RTPS) pattern for…
Comparison of TI and STM32 MCUs
TI Microcontrollers C2000 real-time: TMS320F28375D, TMS320F28379D, TMS320F28388D, etc ARM-based: AM243x, AM263x, AM273x, MSP432x, etc Direct (Direct Register Access): bare-metal programming Bit Field: register access whole or by bits DriverLib: high-level and feature-oriented APIs TI MCUs and MPUs (Copyright to TI) MCU & MPU C2000 MCU C2000Ware ARM-based MCU STM32 Microcontrollers ARM-based: STM32G4x, STM32F4x, STM32F7x, STM32H7x,…